WILSON'S ADDRESS TO CONGRESS

Coming to a close in favor of Allied & Associated powers President Wilson laid down the conditions of peace known as the 'Fourteen Points' in an address to the congress on January 8, 1918, Historical importance attaches to theses points since it was on their  basis that Germany agreed to surrender. These points may briefly be described as such: 

1.  Open Covenants of peace openly arrived at.
2. Absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas outside territorial water alike in peace & in war.
3. The removal of all economic barriers & the establishment of an equality of trade conditions among all nations.
4. Adequate guarantees given & taken that national armaments will be reduced to the lowest point consistent with domestic safety. 
5. A free open-minded & absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims.
6. Belgium must be evacuated & restored.
7. All French territory should be freed & restored Germans should give back Alsace & Lorraine to France.
8. Russian territory should be evacuated & restored.
9. A readjustment of the frontiers of Italy should be effected among clearly recognizable line of nationality.
10. The people of Austria & Hungary should be accorded the freest opportunity of autonomous development.
11. Romania, Serbia & Montenegro should be evacuated.
12. The Turkish portion of the present Ottoman Empire should be assured a secured sovereignty. The Dardanelles should be permanently opened as a free passage to the ships & commerce of all nations under international guarantees.
13. An independent polish state should be erected.
14. A general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence & territorial integrity to great & small states alike.

NATIONALISM

Nationalism is a universal phenomenon. Nationalism basically means the people of homogeneous origin. Nationalism is the latest concept in the study of International Law. It is a product of the modern state. Nationalism is also a supreme group feeling of a people. To quot Hans Kohl, Nationalism is a state of mind , permeating the large majority of the people and claiming to formulate for all its member. It recognize the nation-state as an ideal form of political organisation.....the supreme loyalty of man is, therefore, due to his nationality.

Of late, nationalism has lead to the coincidence of political boundaries with ethnographic, linguistic & cultural frontiers. Nationalism always glorified the nation-state.

NATIONALITY

Nation and nationality differ in their meaning although they were used interchangeably . A nation is a people having a sense of oneness among them and who are politically independent, In the case of nationality , it implies a psychological feeling of unity among a people, but also a sense of oneness among them. The sense of unity might be an account of the people having common history and culture . But nationality largely requires the element of political independence either achieved or aspired.

Secondly, a nation must have a political organisation or passionate desire for such an organisation. But a nationality is a political, culture, spiritual & unified community of a people.
According to Bryce a nationality signifies a group of people who are emotionally  psychologically and culturally bound by certainties. It is said by Hayes that a nationality becomes nation by acquiring unity and sovereignty. A nationality similarly may be regarded as a nation in the making.

NATION, NATIONALITY & NATIONALISM

In Political science, the terms, NATION NATIONALITY & NATIONALISM  frequently occur. I the study of International Law, nationality & nationalism occupy predominant place. With the growth of International Law, the theories of Nationalism assumed greater importance.

Let us discuss these concept in detail.

Nation :

The word nation refers to a people of a common genus. The word Nation is derived from a Latin route NATUS OR NATIO which mean birth or born. Therefore, nation implies homogeneous population or the people who are organised & blood-related. Today the word Nation is used in a wider sense.

Burgess defines the nation as " a population of an ethnic . unity, inhabiting a territory of geographic unity " . After the First World War , the word Nation is used deliberately in a political sense. In the words of Lord Bryce, a nation is " a nationality which is organised itself in a political body either independent or desiring to be independent.

A nation, strictly speaking symbolizes the people of a state bound by an emotional or psychological & political forces. otherwise call nationalism. Nation is formed if a people feel themselves to be a nation or when a people of a definite territory feel that they are all one. Therefore the feeling of oneness among the people of the state is the primary condition of a nation.


Zimmerin aptly defines that a nation as " a body of people united by a corporate sentiment of peculiar intimacy, intensity & dignity related to definite home country.

The united state of America is the best example of a nation. The Americans originally belonged to different languages & races but later come together & united as they felt that they were one. of late today nation does not only mean a people having oneness among them but also means a people who feel that they are united, free and desire to be independent.

THE VERSAILLES TREATY

The treaty of Versailles 1919 was price which Germany paid for his defeat in the war 1914-18. the territorial resettlement in europe, writes JAR Marriott, '' depended upon five points:-
 the readjustment of eastern frontiers of France.

the liberation of the poples formerly annexed by Prussia mainly Poles and Danes,

The disintegration of the composite empire of the Hapsburgs,

the redemption of unredeemed italy.

the liquidation of the Turkish state in Europe.

HISTORICAL & INTELLECTUAL BACKGROUND OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION IN THE PRE-WORLD WAR-I PERIOD

The League of Nation was the first world body which was set up with a view to avoid global wars. The proposal for setting up such a world body was mooted by President Wilson & was finally incorporated in the Treaty of Versailles which was concluded at Paris.

PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE

After the defeat of Germany, Austria , Hungary & Turkey Europe was faced with serious problems of having permanent peace in Europe. The victorious powers which met at Paris to have some settlement were faced wth many serious problems .
There were dificulties in even setting the basis for peace-making Each victorious nation wanted to protect its own interest and there were many clashing interests which were dificult to adjust.
World war I which began on july 28, 1914 ended on November 11, 1918 had terrible impacts and effects in terms of losses of life & property as well as on the social economic and political life of Europe. During the course of war as many as 65 million were mobilized of which 13 million died and 7 million were cripped and disabled. No distinction was maintained between the combatants and non-combatants. The impact can imaged from the fact that two-third of the population was affacted by the horrors of war. These resulted in serious economic crisis, social classes received serious setback. because of families and epidemics on the one hand and indiscriminate attacks in the civilian population on the other. The death rate of the civilians was more than the militany personnel. In brief the losses in the war in all aspects were un precedented.

Representative of the allies met in Paris in Januaryt 1919 to arrange a peace treaty with Germany . A leading role was played by the President  Wilson of the United States. This reflected America's important contribution to Allied cause subce US loans had financed much of the war from 1916. Other important figures were Clemenceau, the prime minister of France, who wanted France to have permanent control of the left. bank bridgeheads or a buffer state along the Phine and Lloyd George, The british prime minister, whom the British public opinion wanted to extract maximum reparation from Germany. At the conference he acted as a moderating influenced between Willson's idealism and  Clemenceau's desire for revenge.
A series of compromises were eventually reached . Lloyd George and Willson promised, for instance as compensation for the withdrawl of France's extreme demands, an Anglo-American, guarantee of the Fraench border. Later. When the USA refused to ratify the peace treaty, this guarantee lapsed. 

PURPOSES OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION

INTERNAIOL ORGANIZATIONS HAVE GENERALLY BEEN ESTABLISHED IN ORDER TO ACCOMPLISH ALL OR SOME OF THE FOLLOWING PURPOSE.

Regulation of internation relation primarliy through techniques of peaceful settlement of disputes among nation-states.

Minimization, or, at the least, control of international conflict and war.

Promotion of cooperative, developmental activities among nation-states for the social & economic benefit of certain regions or a humankind in general.

Collective defense of a group of nation-state against external threat.

WHAT IS INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION

As with all complex & inclusive concepts definitions at first appear elusive. for our needs, we have decided to approach this definitional problem at three different levels.

 first, international organization could be defined in terms of its intended purposes.

Second, it could be define in terms of existing international institutions or in terms of idea models & blue prints for future institutions.

Third, international organizations could be defined as process approximating government regulation of relations among nation.states & non states actors

International organization can also be defined in terms of ideal or heuristic models of world governments that are likely to be created sometimes in the future.

NATURE CONFLICT MANAGEMENT & PROMOTION OF COOPERATION

NATURE OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
"Modern age is an age of international co-operation & no state, however powerful it might be, can live in isolation. to ensure systematic relations between various states, agencies & methods of international co-operation have been developed, which are popularly knows as international organizations"

According to POTTER international organization means:

" the  aggregate of procedure & organs for expressing the unification of nations"

POTTER further says that the phrase international organization is often used to refer to agencies & procedures deliberately set up as the expression of fundamental international organization"

OLE OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS IN TODAY'S WORLD

IO have been viewed, at one extreme, as the vanguard of an emerging world government &, at the other, as an exercise in futility in fostering cooperation among sovereign states. neither of these extreme views does justice to the role of international organizations in the present age. today the state , possessing ultimate power & authority, remains the primary political unit. yet change , accommodation, & a proliferation of interstate & international contacts are the hall marks of an increasingly interdependent world.

the state system shows no sign of rapid deterioration or transformation into new forms. states are reluctant to sacrifies any sovereignty to supranational entities. yeh humans are rational & capable of effecting adjustment or modifications of the system. change is not only a major phenomenon of the modern world but is occurring t an accelerating rate. many changes have already taken place that must be considered in analyzing the relations of nation.

INTRODUCTION

The foundation of International Organization was built in ancient times , but the organizations themselves did not appear until the nineteenth century, when they were formed among political structures known as nation-states. before being linked by these organizations, the nation-states already had diplomatic , economic, legal and war relationships.

the idea of international organizations is gradually becoming more complex and influential as shown by both of the words and action actions of government spokespeople. although they may not go so far as to surrender sovereign powers to international organizations, they do find them indispensable for other purposes. new nations demonstrate this in their eagerness to be admitted to the United Nations. Despite great differences, the big powers in the UN do not seem anxious to withdraw and all countries find the organization useful for sounding out ideas & for contact with other nations.

the United Nations has a more elaborate structure than the League of Nations did, which in turn was more complex than pre-World war 1 organizations.at the same time, ,regional and private international organizations since 1945 also have increased in both numbers and influence. we may assume then that this process will continue, & the international organizations will become an increasingly important part of international relationships.